Use of frequency offsets in generation of lidar data

ABSTRACT

A LIDAR system that generates an outgoing LIDAR signal and multiple composite light signals that each carries a different channel and that each includes a contribution from a reference signal and a contribution from a comparative signal. The comparative signals each include light from the outgoing LIDAR signal that has been reflected by one or more objects located outside of the LIDAR system. The reference signals each include light from the outgoing LIDAR signal but exclude light that has been reflected by any object located outside of the LIDAR system. Electronics induce a frequency offset in the reference signals between a LIDAR data period and a channel period. The electronics use the composite signals generated during the LIDAR data period to generate LIDAR data and the composite signals generated during the channel period to associate the composite signals with the channel carried by the composite signal.

FIELD

The invention relates to optical devices. In particular, the inventionrelates to LIDAR systems.

BACKGROUND

LIDAR technologies are being applied to a variety of applications. LIDARspecifications typically specify that LIDAR data be generated for aminimum number of sample regions in a field of view. LIDARspecifications also specify the distance of those sample regions fromthe LIDAR signal source and a re-fresh rate. The re-fresh rate is thefrequency at which the LIDAR data is generated for all of the sampleregions in the field of view. The ability of the given LIDAR system togenerate the LIDAR data for the sample regions in the field of viewbecomes more difficult as the distance to the sample regions increasesand as the refresh rate increases.

As LIDAR is being adapted to applications such as self-driving-vehicles,it becomes more desirable to generate LIDAR data for larger fields ofview, increasing numbers of points, further distances, and at fasterre-fresh rates. As a result, there is a need for a LIDAR system thatcapable of generating LIDAR data for larger numbers of sample regions.

SUMMARY

A LIDAR system that generates an outgoing LIDAR signal and multiplecomposite light signals that each carries a different channel and thateach includes a contribution from a reference signal and a contributionfrom a comparative signal. The comparative signals each include lightfrom the outgoing LIDAR signal that has been reflected by one or moreobjects located outside of the LIDAR system. The reference signals eachinclude light from the outgoing LIDAR signal but exclude light that hasbeen reflected by any object located outside of the LIDAR system.Electronics induce a frequency offset in the reference signals between aLIDAR data period and a channel period. The electronics use thecomposite signals generated during the LIDAR data period to generateLIDAR data and the composite signals generated during the channel periodto associate the composite signals with the channel carried by thecomposite signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A is a schematic of a LIDAR system.

FIG. 1B is a schematic of another embodiment of a LIDAR system.

FIG. 2A illustrates a light source that includes multiple laser sources.

FIG. 2B illustrates the frequencies of LIDAR output signals that carrydifferent channels as a function of time.

FIG. 2C illustrates an example of different light signals that canresults from the LIDAR output signal of FIG. 2B.

FIG. 3A through FIG. 3C illustrate an example of suitable processingcomponent for use in the above LIDAR systems. FIG. 3A is a schematic ofthe processing unit.

FIG. 3B illustrates the relationship between the frequencies associatedwith different channels in a data signal processed by the schematic ofFIG. 3A.

FIG. 3C illustrates a schematic for an example of electronics that aresuitable for use with a processing unit constructed according to FIG.3A.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a demultiplexing component thatincludes beam steering capability.

DESCRIPTION

The LIDAR system generates an outgoing light signal that includesmultiple channels that are each of a different wavelength. The differentchannels are directed to the same sample region in a field of view or todifferent sample regions in the field of view and LIDAR data (distanceand/or radial velocity between the source of a LIDAR output signal and areflecting object) is generated for each of the sample regions. Theconcurrent use of multiple different channels to generate LIDAR dataaccelerates the generation of LIDAR data for a field of view andaccordingly allows the LIDAR specifications to be satisfied forapplications that require larger fields of view, increased numbers ofsample regions, further field of view distances, and lower re-freshrates.

The LIDAR system also generate multiple composite light signals thateach carries a different one of the channels and each includes acontribution from a reference signal and a contribution from acomparative signal. The comparative signals each include light from theoutgoing LIDAR signal that has been reflected by one or more objectslocated outside of the LIDAR system. The reference signals also includelight from the outgoing LIDAR signal but also exclude any light that hasbeen reflected by any object located outside of the LIDAR system.

The period of time that the one or more channels are direction to thesample regions includes a LIDAR data period and a channel period. Duringthe data period and the channel period, there is a constant frequencydifferential between a frequency of the reference signal and a frequencyof the associated comparative signal. However, electronics induce afrequency offset into the comparative signal between the LIDAR dataperiod and the channel period. The frequency offset causes the value ofthe frequency differential to be different in the LIDAR data period andthe channel period. The different frequency differentials can be used toidentify the channel being carried by the different composite signalsand then use that result to calculate the LIDAR data.

Prior efforts to create the frequency offset have used a different lightsource for the reference signal and the comparative signal. However, thedisclosed LIDAR system creates the frequency offset using referencesignals and comparative signals from the same light source. As a result,the disclosed LIDAR system reduces the number of light sources that arerequired and accordingly reduces the number of light sources that areneeded.

FIG. 1A is a schematic of a LIDAR system. The system includes a lightsource 10 such as a laser that outputs an outgoing LIDAR signal. Theoutgoing LIDAR signal carries one or more channels. When the outgoingLIDAR signal carries multiple different channels, the different channelscan each be at a different wavelength. In some instances, thewavelengths of the channels are periodically spaced in that thewavelength increase from one channel to the next channel is constant orsubstantially constant. A suitable light source 10 for generatingmultiple channels with periodically spaced wavelengths includes, but isnot limited to, comb lasers, multiple single wavelength lasersmultiplexed into to single optical waveguide, sources such as thatdescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/998,846, filed on Nov.30, 2017, grated U.S. Pat. No. 7,542,641, entitled “Multi-ChannelOptical Device,” and incorporated herein in its entirety.

The LIDAR system also includes a utility waveguide 12 that receives anoutgoing LIDAR signal from the light source 10. A modulator 14 isoptionally positioned along the utility waveguide 12. The modulator 14can be configured to modulate the power of the outgoing LIDAR signal andaccordingly the resulting LIDAR output signal(s). Electronics 62 canoperate the modulator 14. Accordingly, the electronics can modulate thepower of the outgoing LIDAR signal and accordingly the LIDAR outputsignal(s). Suitable modulators 14 include, but are not limited to, PINdiode carrier injection devices, Mach-Zehnder modulator devices, andelectro-absorption modulator devices. When the modulator 14 isconstructed on a silicon-on-insulator platform, a suitable modulator isdisclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 617,810, filed on Sep. 21, 1993, entitledIntegrated Silicon PIN Diode Electro-Optic Waveguide, and incorporatedherein in its entirety.

An amplifier 16 is optionally positioned along the utility waveguide 12.Since the power of the outgoing LIDAR signal is distributed amongmultiple channels, the amplifier 16 may be desirable to provide each ofthe channels with the desired power level on the utility waveguide 12.Suitable amplifiers include, but are not limited to, semiconductoroptical amplifiers (SOAs).

The utility waveguide 12 carries the outgoing LIDAR signal from themodulator 14 to a signal-directing component 18. The signal-directingcomponent 18 can direct the outgoing LIDAR signal to a LIDAR branch 20and/or a data branch 22. The LIDAR branch outputs one or more LIDARoutput signals from the LIDAR chip and receives LIDAR input signals thatresult from reflection of the one or more LIDAR output signals. The databranch processes the LDAR input signals for the generation of LIDAR data(distance and/or radial velocity between the source of the LIDAR outputsignal and a reflecting object).

The LIDAR branch includes a LIDAR signal waveguide 24 that receives atleast a portion of the outgoing LIDAR signal from the signal-directingcomponent 18. An output component 26 receives the outgoing LIDAR signalfrom the LIDAR signal waveguide 24 and outputs the outgoing LIDAR signalsuch that the outgoing LIDAR signal exits from the LIDAR chip. Theoutgoing LIDAR signal exit from the LIDAR chip as one or more LIDARoutput signals that travel through the atmosphere in which the LIDARsystem is positioned. Each of the LIDAR output signals carries one ofthe channels carried in the outgoing LIDAR signal.

The LIDAR output signals can be reflected by a reflecting object (notshown) located outside of the LIDAR system. Each of the reflected LIDARoutput signals travel through the atmosphere in which the LIDAR systemis positioned and returns to the output component 26 as a LIDAR inputsignal. The output component 26 receives the LIDAR input signals andoutputs the result on the LIDAR signal waveguide 24 as an incoming LIDARsignal.

When the outgoing LIDAR signal includes multiple different channels atdifferent wavelengths, the output component 26 can be configured suchthat the LIDAR output signals carrying different channels are incidenton the same sample region in the field of view or such that the LIDARoutput signals carrying different channels are incident on differentsample regions in the field of view. For instance, the output component26 can be configured that the LIDAR output signals carrying differentchannel travels away from the LIDAR chip in different directions or suchthat LIDAR output signals carrying different channels travel away fromthe LIDAR chip in the same direction or in substantially in the samedirection and at least partially overlap one another at the maximumdistance at which the LIDAR system is configured to generate LIDAR data.

In some instances, the output component 26 also includes beam steeringfunctionality. In these instances, the output component 26 can be inelectrical communication with electronics (not shown) that can operatethe output component 26 so as to steer the LIDAR output signals from oneof the sample regions in a field of view to other sample regions in thefield of view. The output component 26 and/or electronics can beconfigured such that the different LIDAR output signals are steeredconcurrently.

Although the output component 26 is illustrated as a single component,the output component 26 can include multiple optical components and/orelectrical components. Suitable output components 26 include, but arenot limited to, optical phased arrays (OPAs), transmission diffractiongratings, reflection diffraction gratings, and Diffractive OpticalElements (DOE). Suitable output components 26 with beam steeringcapability include, but are not limited to, optical phased arrays (OPAs)with active phase control elements on the array waveguides.

The LIDAR signal waveguide 24 carries the incoming LIDAR signal to thesignal-directing component 18. The signal-directing component 18 directsthe incoming LIDAR signal to the utility waveguide 12 and/or acomparative signal waveguide 28. The portion of the incoming LIDARsignal-directed to the comparative signal waveguide 28 serves acomparative signal. The comparative signal waveguide 28 carries thecomparative signal to the processing component 34.

The signal-directing component 18 is configured such that when thesignal-directing component 18 directs at least a portion of the incomingLIDAR signal to the comparative signal waveguide 28, thesignal-directing component 18 also directs at least a portion of theoutgoing LIDAR signal to a reference signal waveguide 36. The portion ofthe outgoing LIDAR signal received by the reference signal waveguide 36serves as a reference signal. The reference signal waveguide 36 carriesthe reference signal to the processing component 34.

As will be described in more detail below, the processing component 34combines the comparative signal with the reference signal to form acomposite signal that carries LIDAR data for one or more sample regionsin the field of view. Accordingly, the composite signal can be processedso as to extract LIDAR data for one or more sample regions in the fieldof view.

The signal-directing component 18 can be an optical coupler. When thesignal-directing component 18 is an optical coupler, thesignal-directing component 18 directs a first portion of the outgoingLIDAR signal to the LIDAR signal waveguide 24 and a second portion ofthe outgoing LIDAR signal to the reference signal waveguide 36 and alsodirects a first portion of the incoming LIDAR signal to the utilitywaveguide 12 and a second portion of the incoming LIDAR signal to thecomparative signal waveguide 28. Accordingly, the second portion of theincoming LIDAR signal can serve as the comparative signal and the secondportion of the outgoing LIDAR signal can serve as the reference.

The signal-directing component 18 can be an optical switch such as across-over switch. A suitable cross-over switch can be operated in across mode or a pass mode. In the pass mode, the outgoing LIDAR signalis directed to the LIDAR signal waveguide 24 and an incoming LIDARsignal would be directed to the utility waveguide 12. In the cross mode,the outgoing LIDAR signal is directed to the reference signal waveguide36 and the incoming LIDAR signal is directed to the comparative signalwaveguide 28. Accordingly, the incoming LIDAR signal or a portion of theincoming LIDAR signal can serve as the comparative light signal and theoutgoing LIDAR signal or a portion of the outgoing LIDAR signal canserve as the reference light signal.

An optical switch such as a cross-over switch can be controlled by theelectronics. For instance, the electronics can control operate theswitch such that the switch is in the cross mode or a pass mode. WhenLIDAR output signals are to be transmitted from the LIDAR system, theelectronics operate the switch such that the switch is in the pass mode.When LIDAR input signals are to be received by the LIDAR system, theelectronics operate the switch such that the switch is in the cross-overmode. In an embodiment disclosed below, the electronics operate theswitch in the pass mode during an output period and operate the switchin the crossover mode during the feedback period. As a result, thecomposite signals and/or the reference signals are not generated duringat least a portion of the output period and/or the LIDAR output signalsare not generated during at least a portion of the feedback period. Theuse of a switch can provide lower levels of optical loss than areassociated with the use of an optical coupler as the signal-directingcomponent 18.

In the above descriptions of the operation of the signal-directingcomponent 18, the comparative light signals and the reference lightsignals are concurrently directed to the data branch. As a result, theprocessing component 34 can combine the comparative signal with thereference signal.

In some instances, an optical amplifier 42 is optionally positionedalong the LIDAR signal waveguide 24 and is configured to provideamplification of the outgoing LIDAR signal and/or of the incoming LIDARsignal. Accordingly, the effects of optical loss at the signal-directingcomponent 18 can be reduced.

FIG. 1B illustrates the LIDAR system of FIG. 1A modified to include anoptical circulator as the signal-directing component 18. The opticalcirculator is configured such that the outgoing LIDAR signal is directedto the LIDAR signal waveguide 24 and the incoming LIDAR signal isdirected to the comparative signal waveguide 28. The comparative signalwaveguide 28 carries the comparative signal to the processing component34. Additionally, a tap component 44 is positioned along the utilitywaveguide 12. The tap component 44 is configured to tap off a firstportion of the outgoing LIDAR signal such that the first portion of theoutgoing LIDAR signal is received on the reference signal waveguide 36.The first portion of the outgoing LIDAR signal received by the referencesignal waveguide 36 serves as the reference signal. The reference signalwaveguide 36 carries the reference signal to the processing component34. Accordingly, the electronics can operate the LIDAR system of FIG. 1Bas disclosed in the context of FIG. 1A. Suitable optical circulatorsinclude, but are not limited to, Faraday rotator based optical fibercirculators, and integrated optical circulators. Although thesignal-directing component 18 of FIG. 1B is disclosed as an opticalcirculator, the signal-directing component 18 of FIG. 1B can be anoptical coupler or optical switch.

As noted above, one or more of the light sources 10 can be a comb laser.However, other constructions of the light source 10 are possible. Forinstance, FIG. 2A illustrates an example of a light source 10 thatincludes multiple laser sources 84. In some instances, each of the lasersources 84 outputs one or more of the channels on a source waveguide 86.The source waveguides 86 carry the channels to a laser multiplexer 88that combines the channels so as to form a light signal that is receivedon a channel waveguide or the utility waveguide 12. Suitable lasermultiplexers 88 include, but are not limited to, Arrayed WaveguideGrating (AWG) multiplexers, echelle grating multiplexers, and starcouplers. The electronics can operate the laser sources 84 so the lasersources 84 concurrently output each of the channels. The electronics canoperate the laser sources 84 so the laser sources 84 concurrently outputeach of the channels.

In some instances, each of the laser sources 84 outputs one of thechannels on a source waveguide 86. The total number of laser sources 84included in the light source 10 can be greater than or equal to thenumber of LIDAR output signals that are concurrently directed to asample region. In some instances, total number of laser sources 84included in the light source 10 is equal to the number of LIDAR outputsignals that are concurrently directed to a sample region. As a result,each laser sources 84 can be the source of a different one of the LIDARoutput signals that are concurrently directed to a sample region.

The electronics can operate the laser sources 84 independently. Forinstance, the electronics can operate the laser sources 84 so as toprovide the LIDAR output signals with a particular frequency versus timewaveform. Since the electronics can operate the laser sources 84independently and each laser sources 84 can be the source of a differentone of the LIDAR output signals, the electronics can operate the lasersources 84 so different LIDAR output signals have different frequencyversus time waveforms.

A modulator 14 can optionally be positioned along one or more of thesource waveguides 86. The modulator 14 can each be configured tomodulate the power of one of the channels and accordingly the amplitudeof the resulting LIDAR output signal(s). The electronics can operate themodulator 14. Accordingly, the electronics can modulate the power of theLIDAR output signal(s). Suitable modulators 14 include, but are notlimited to, PIN diode carrier injection devices, Mach-Zehnder modulatordevices, and electro-absorption modulator devices. When the modulator 14is constructed on a silicon-on-insulator platform, a suitable modulatoris disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 617,810, filed on Sep. 21, 1993, entitledIntegrated Silicon PIN Diode Electro-Optic Waveguide, and incorporatedherein in its entirety.

The electronics can operate the modulators and/or the laser sources 84so as to provide different LIDAR output signals with differentwaveforms. For instance, the electronics can operate one or more lasersources 84 to each produce a LIDAR output signal with a frequency thatis not a function of time and an amplitude that is not a function oftime such as a continuous wave. Additionally or alternately, theelectronics can operate one or more laser sources 84 and associatedmodulator(s) 14 so as to generate one or more LIDAR output signals thathas an amplitude that is a function of time. Additionally oralternately, the electronics can operate one or more laser sources 84and associated modulator(s) 14 so as to generate a LIDAR output signalwith a frequency that is a function of time. Additionally oralternately, the electronics can operate one or more laser sources 84and associated modulator(s) 14 so as to generate a LIDAR output signalwith a frequency that is a function of time and an amplitude that is afunction of time.

During operation of the LIDAR system, the generation of LIDAR data isdivided into a series of cycles where LIDAR data is generated for eachcycle. Each LIDAR data result can be associated with a sample region inthe field of view in that the resulting LIDAR data is the LIDAR data forone or more object located in that sample region. For instance, whenmultiple LIDAR output signals are directed to the same sample region ina field of view, one or more LIDAR data results can be generated fromeach one of all or a portion of the multiple LIDAR output signals duringthat cycle and each of the LIDAR data results can be LIDAR data for anobject in that sample region. When multiple LIDAR output signals aredirected to different sample regions in a field of view, one or moreLIDAR data results can be generated from each one of all or a portion ofthe multiple LIDAR output signals during that cycle and all or a portionof the LIDAR data results can be for an object located in a differentsample region in the field of view. In some instances, the one or moreLIDAR output signals are directed to different sample regions indifferent cycles. As a result, the LIDAR data generated during differentcycles is generated for different selections of the sample regions untilgeneration of the LIDAR data for the field of view is complete and theLIDAR system repeats the process of generating LIDAR data for the fieldof view. When the LIDAR system repeatedly generates LIDAR data for thefield of view, the LIDAR system can return the one or more LIDAR outputsignals to the same sample regions for which LIDAR data was previouslygenerated.

The cycles can be performed such that the duration of each cycle can bedivided into different time periods. For instance, the duration of acycle can include one or more data periods where the LIDAR input signalsare generated and received at the LIDAR chip and one or more re-locationperiods where the LIDAR output signal is moved from one sample region toanother sample region. In a continuous scan mode, the cycle does notinclude any re-location periods and the LIDAR output signal is movedcontinuously. In one example, the cycles include multiple data periodsand multiple different LIDAR output signals each caries a differentchannel to the same sample region. In another example, the cyclesinclude multiple data periods and multiple different LIDAR outputsignals each caries a different channel to the same sample region.

FIG. 2B shows an example of a relationship between the frequency ofmultiple different LIDAR output signals, time, cycles and the dataperiods. The LIDAR output signals are each associated with a channelindex i that starts at 0 and goes to N where N+1 is the number of LIDARoutput signals. Different LIDAR output signals are labeled λ_(i) in FIG.2B. The base frequency of each LIDAR output signal (bf_(i)) can be thefrequency of the LIDAR output signal at the start of a cycle and can be:bf_(i)=f_(o)+i*Δf where f_(o) represents the frequency of channel i=0 atthe start of a cycle. Accordingly, the base frequencies can be linearlyspaced. Although FIG. 2B shows the frequencies of three LIDAR outputsignals labeled λ_(o), λ₁ and λ₂; the LIDAR system can output only oneLIDAR output signal or more than three output signals.

FIG. 2B shows frequency versus time for a sequence of two cycles labeledcycle_(j) and cycle_(j+1). In some instances, the frequency versus timepattern is repeated in each cycle as shown in FIG. 2B. The illustratedcycles do not include re-location periods and/or re-location periods arenot located between cycles. As a result, FIG. 2B illustrates the resultsfor a continuous scan.

Each cycle includes K data periods that are each associated with aperiod index k and are labeled DP_(k). In the example of FIG. 2B, eachcycle includes three data periods labeled DP_(k) with k=1, 2, and 3. Insome instances, the frequency versus time pattern is the same for thedata periods that correspond to each other in different cycles as isshown in FIG. 2B. Corresponding data periods are data periods with thesame period index. As a result, each data period DP₁ can be consideredcorresponding data periods and the associated frequency versus timepatterns are the same in FIG. 2B. At the end of a cycle, the electronicsreturn the frequency of each channel to the same frequency level atwhich it started the previous cycle. For instance, in FIG. 2B, theelectronics return the frequency of channel i to f_(o)+i*Δf to starteach cycle.

Each data period includes an output period labeled OP and a feedbackperiod labeled FP. As will be discussed in more detail below, thefeedback periods include a LIDAR data period labeled LDP and a channelperiod labeled CP. Although the LIDAR data period is shown before thechannel period, the channel period can be located before the dataperiod. During the output period, the frequency changes at a linear rateα. During the LIDAR data period (LDP), the channel period (CP), and theoutput period (OP) in the same data period, the rate of frequency changeα is the same. The rate of change can be different for differentchannels and/or for different data periods.

For a portion of the channels or for all of the channels, all or aportion of the feedback periods included in each cycle, the LIDARoutputs signals are generated such that a frequency offset occursbetween the LIDAR data period (LDP) and the channel period (CP) from thesame data period. For instance, in FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C, the frequencyoffset occurs during an offset period labeled FSP in FIG. 2B and FIG.2C. During the offset period, the frequency of the LIDAR output signaland the associated reference signal changes by an amount of thefrequency offset labeled fs_(i). In FIG. 2B, the channel λ₀ does nothave a frequency offset between the LIDAR data periods (LDP) and thechannel periods (CP) while the channel X₁ has a frequency offset fs₁between the LIDAR data periods (LDP) and the channel periods (CP) andthe channel λ₂ has a frequency offset fs₂ between the LIDAR data periods(LDP) and the channel periods (CP).

The frequency offsets for different channels can be different. Forinstance, the change in the frequency offset between channels that areadjacent to one another on the wavelength spectrum can be separated by aconstant. In one example, fs_(i)=W+i*(df) where W is a constant that canbe zero or non-zero and df is a constant that represents the change inthe frequency offset for channels that are adjacent to one another onthe wavelength spectrum. The value of df can be positive or negative. Inone example, the frequency offsets for different channels are differentand one of the frequency offsets is zero for one of the channels. Inanother example, the frequency offsets for different channels aredifferent and none of the channels has a frequency offset that is zero.

The direction of the frequency offsets can be different in differentdata periods. For instance, the direction of the frequency offset for adata period with an increasing frequency can be negative for each of thechannels as shown for the data period labeled DP₁ in FIG. 2B; thedirection of the frequency offset for a data period with an decreasingfrequency can be positive for each of the channels as shown for the dataperiod labeled DP₂ in FIG. 2B; the direction of the frequency offset fora data period with an constant frequency can be positive for each of thechannels as shown for the data period labeled DP₂ in FIG. 2B.

FIG. 2C is a graph of frequency versus time showing the relationshipbetween a LIDAR output signal and one possible resulting LIDAR inputsignal during the data period labeled DP₁ in FIG. 2B. During the outputperiod and during the LIDAR data period (LDP), the frequency of theLIDAR output signal can be represented by Equation 1:f_(i)=f_(o)+i*Δf+α*t where α represents that rate of frequency changeand t represents time and is equal to zero at the start of the outputperiod. During the channel period (CP), the frequency of the LIDARoutput signal can be represented by Equation 2:f_(i)=f_(o)+i*Δf+α*OP+fs_(i)+α*t′ where α represents the rate offrequency change, OP represents the duration of the output period and t′represents a time that is equal to zero at the start of the channelperiod (CP).

FIG. 2C also shows an example of a LIDAR input signals that can resultfrom the illustrated LIDAR output signal. As described above, the LIDARoutput signal travels away from the LIDAR chip and is reflected by anobject located off of the LIDAR system. The reflected LIDAR outputsignal returns to the LIDAR system as the LIDAR input signal in FIG. 2C.The roundtrip time between the output of the LIDAR output signal and thereceipt of the LIDAR input signal is labeled τ in FIG. 2C. The maximumroundtrip time for which the LIDAR system is configured to generatereliable LIDAR data is labeled τ_(max) in FIG. 2C. Although the LIDARinput signal shown in FIG. 2C is shown as starting its return to theLIDAR system at the time labeled τ, the LIDAR input signal can return tothe LIDAR system with any roundtrip time greater than or equal to zeroand up to τ_(max). As a result, the illustrated LIDAR input signal isonly one example of many possible LIDAR input signals.

As will become evident below, the LIDAR data is generated from the oneor more LIDAR input signals and the one or more reference signals thatoccur during the feedback period. As a result, the LIDAR system can beconstructed such that τ≤τ_(max)≤OP. In this configuration, any LIDARoutput signals that experience the longest desirable roundtrip time(τ_(max)) will begin returning to the LIDAR system before or at thestart of the feedback period. Since τ_(max)≤OP. LIDAR input signals witha roundtrip time of τ_(max) will be returning to the LIDAR system duringthe feedback period. As a result, LIDAR data can be generated for thesesignals. In some instances, τ_(max)=OP as shown in FIG. 2B.

The LIDAR input signal includes an input offset period labeled FSP′ inFIG. 2C. The input offset period (FSP′) is where the frequency offsetthat occurs in the LIDAR output signal occurs in the returning LIDARinput signal. As a result, the duration of the input offset period(FSP′)=the duration of the offset period (FSP) and can accordingly bezero. The location of the input offset period in time is a function ofthe roundtrip time and can accordingly shift left and right in FIG. 2C.The LIDAR system can be used in configurations where the roundtrip timeτ is generally or always such that the input offset period (FSP′) occursafter the feedback period (FP) and/or after the channel period (CP) asshown in FIG. 2C. For instance, the LIDAR system can be used inconfigurations where the roundtrip time τ is generally or always suchthat (CP+FSP)≤τ. In instances where FSP is zero, effectively zero, orcan be approximated as zero, the LIDAR system can be used inconfigurations where the roundtrip time τ is generally or always suchthat (CP)≤τ. As will be evident below, in this configuration, the inputoffset period (FSP′) does not interfere with the comparative signalsgenerate during the feedback period. As a result, the LIDAR system canbe used in configurations where the roundtrip time τ is generally oralways such that (CP+FSP)≤τ≤τ_(max)≤OP and/or (CP)≤τ≤τ_(max)≤OP.

As will become evident below, the LIDAR data is generated from the oneor more LIDAR input signals (comparative signals) and the one or morereference signals that occur during the LIDAR data period. However,because the LIDAR system can concurrently output multiple LIDAR outputsignals that each carries a different channel, it can be unclear whichsignals belong to which channels. The comparative signals and the one ormore reference signals that occur during the channel period (CP) areemployed to match particular channels with particular signals and/ormatch signals associated with the same channel. As will become evidentbelow, matching particular channels with particular signals and/ormatching signals associated with the same channel can also use thecomparative signals and the one or more reference signals that occurduring the LIDAR data period.

Light from the LIDAR output signal(s) that are output during the outputperiod becomes the LIDAR input signals during the feedback period andaccordingly becomes the comparative light signals during the feedbackperiod. The portion of LIDAR input signals received during the LIDARdata period represents the comparative light signals during the LIDARdata period. As a result, the portion of the LIDAR input signal receivedduring the LIDAR data period is labeled CS_(LDP). The portion of LIDARinput signals received during the channel period represents thecomparative light signals during the channel period. As a result, theportion of the LIDAR input signal received during the channel period islabeled CS_(CP).

As discussed above, the light in the LIDAR output signal(s) comes froman outgoing LIDAR signal that is also the source of the light for thereference signals. The reference signals that occur during the feedbackperiod are used in the generation of the LIDAR data. Since the frequencyof the reference signals during the feedback period matches thefrequency of the LIDAR output signals during the feedback period, theportion of the LIDAR output signal shown in FIG. 2C during the feedbackperiod represents the reference signals. The portion of LIDAR outputsignals output during the LIDAR data period represent the referencelight signals during the LIDAR data period. As a result, the portion ofthe LIDAR output signal output during the LIDAR data period is labeledRS_(LDP) in FIG. 2C. The portion of LIDAR output signals output duringthe channel period represents the reference signals during the channelperiod. As a result, the portion of the LIDAR output signal outputduring the channel period is labeled RS_(CP). The comparative signaldoes not include the frequency offset during the LIDAR data period, theoffset period, the channel period or the feedback period as isillustrated in FIG. 2C.

The LIDAR data is generated from the comparative signals (labeledCS_(LDP)) and the reference signals (labeled RS_(LDP)) that occur duringthe LIDAR data period but not from the comparative signals and thereference signals that occur during the output period. In contrast, thelight from the portion of the LIDAR output signal(s) that are outputduring the LIDAR data period are not used in the generation of the LIDARdata. Additionally, the reference signals that are generated during theoutput period are not used in the generation of the LIDAR data. Thisresult can be achieved by the electronics using comparative andreferences signals generated during the LIDAR data period to generatethe LIDAR data but not using comparative and references signalsgenerated during the output period to generate the LIDAR data.

When the LIDAR system outputs multiple LIDAR output signals that eachcarries a different channel, the electronics use at least thecomparative and references signals generated during the channel periodto identify one or more channel identifications selected from the groupconsisting of the comparative and references signals that carry the samechannel, the channel carried by each of the comparative and referencessignals, the channel carried by multiple different composite signalsthat each carries a signal couple where the signal couple includes oneof the reference signals and the comparative signal carrying the samechannel, the channel that is associated with a frequency of a compositesignal, and the channel that is associated with all or a portion of theLIDAR data results. Each of these channel identifications allows all ora portion of the LIDAR data from the LIDAR data period to be associatedwith one of the channels. As a result, different LIDAR data results canbe associated with different channels. Since LIDAR output signalscarrying different channels can be directed to different sample regions,the ability to associate different LIDAR data results with differentchannels allows different LIDAR data results to be associated withdifferent sample regions in the field of view.

Accordingly, the light in the outgoing LIDAR signal that becomes theLIDAR output signal(s) during the channel period is used to associatethe channels with different signals and/or with different LIDAR dataresults; however, during the output period the light in the outgoingLIDAR signal that becomes the LIDAR output signal(s) is not used in toassociate the channels with different signals and/or with differentLIDAR data results.

FIG. 2C shows that the frequency differential between the comparativesignal and the reference signal during the LIDAR data period is equal toα*τ−f_(d). However, the frequency differential between the comparativesignal and the reference signal during the LIDAR data period is equal toα*τ−f_(d)−i(df) where f_(d) represents the shift in frequency due to theDoppler effect. As a result, a portion of the frequency differential isthe change in the frequency offset (df), the Doppler shift in frequency,and another portion of this frequency differential is a result of theroundtrip delay, τ. FIG. 2C assumes there is zero radial velocitybetween the LIDAR system and the reflecting object and accordingly doesnot show a vertical shift in the frequency in order to simplify theillustration.

The frequency offset (fs_(i)) is electronically encoded into thereference signals and the comparative signals by the electronics throughuse of the one or more modulators described above and/or operation ofthe light source 10. In contrast, the frequency differential resultingfrom roundtrip delay is induced by the distance between the LIDAR systemand the object off which the LIDAR output signals are reflected and theDoppler shift results from radial velocity between the LIDAR system andthe object.

In FIG. 2B, the rate of frequency change (α) is shown as being the samein data period DP1 and in data period DP2. However, the rate offrequency change (α) can be different in data period DP1 and data periodDP2. Additionally or alternately, although the rate of frequency change(α) is shown as being the same for corresponding data periods indifferent channels, the rate of frequency change (α) can be different incorresponding data periods from different channels.

The data period labeled DP₃ in FIG. 2B is optional. The frequency of theLIDAR output signal during the output period for the data period labeledDP₃ in FIG. 2B can be a constant. The frequency of the LIDAR outputsignal during the feedback period for data period DP₃ can also be aconstant where the difference between the frequency during the feedbackperiod and during the output period is equal to fs_(i). Although thefrequency of the LIDAR output signal during data period DP₃ is shown asa constant, the frequency can also change at a rate α′ that is differentfrom the rate of change in the other data periods from the same cycle.For instance, when a data period DP₃ is used to identify correspondingfrequencies as described below, the rate of frequency change during dataperiod DP₃ can be different from the rates of frequency change duringdata period DP, and data period DP₂. Although FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C aredisclosed using examples where the cycles have two data periods or threedata periods, the cycles can one data period or more than three dataperiods.

The outgoing LIDAR signal and/or the channels can be modulated so as toproduce a modulated outgoing LIDAR signal and accordingly, a LIDARoutput signal that is a function of a sinusoid with a frequency providedby the above frequencies f_(i). As an example, the outgoing LIDAR signaland/or the channels can be modulated so as to produce a LIDAR outputsignal with an electrical field magnitude that is a function of or isrepresented by the following Equation 5: N+M*cos(f_(i)*t+D) where t canrepresent the t or t′ defined above and M, N and, D are constants whereN and D can be zero or non-zero and M is not equal to zero.

One example of a LIDAR system includes a light source constructedaccording to FIG. 2A where the light source is configured to generatetwo LIDAR output signals. One of the LIDAR output signals carries achannel with a frequency versus time according to channel λ₀ of FIG. 2Band the other LIDAR output signal carries a channel with a frequencyversus time according to channel λ₁ of FIG. 2B. Accordingly, the LIDARsystem can be constructed according to FIG. 1A with two processingcomponents 34. Another example of a LIDAR system includes a light sourceconstructed according to FIG. 2A where the light source is configured togenerate three LIDAR output signals. One of the LIDAR output signalscarries a channel with a frequency versus time according to channel λ₀of FIG. 2B, another LIDAR output signal carries a channel with afrequency versus time according to channel λ₁ of FIG. 2B, and anotherLIDAR output signal carries a channel with a frequency versus timeaccording to channel λ₂ of FIG. 2B. Accordingly, the LIDAR system can beconstructed according to FIG. 2A with three processing components 34. Asis evident from these examples, the number of processing components 34included in the LIDAR system can match the number of LIDAR outputsignals that each carries a different channel.

Suitable laser sources 84 for use with a light source 10 constructedaccording to FIG. 2A include, but are not limited to, external cavitylasers, distributed feedback lasers (DFBs), and Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers.External cavities lasers are advantageous in this embodiment because oftheir generally narrower linewidths, which can reduce noise in thedetected signal.

The duration of the offset period can be short in order to increase thepossible durations of the feedback period and/or the output period. Forinstance, the duration of the offset period can be 0.0 second and thefrequency offset can accordingly be a step function. The duration of theoffset period (FSP) can be non-zero as shown in FIG. 2C. In order toillustrate a non-zero duration for the offset period (FSP), FIG. 2Cshows an offset period (FSP) duration that may be considered exaggeratedrelative to the output period (OP) and the feedback period (FP) for someembodiments of the LIDAR system.

In some instances, the duration of offset period (FSP) is greater thanor equal to 0.0%, 0.5%, or 1% of the duration of the output period (OP)and/or less than 2%, 5%, or 10% of the duration of the output period(OP) and/or the duration of offset period (FSP) is greater than or equalto 0.0%, 0.1%, or 0.2% of the duration of the feedback period (FP)and/or less than 0.5%, 1%, or 2% of the duration of the feedback period(FP). Additionally or alternately, in some instances, the offset period(FSP) duration is greater than or equal to 0.0 μs, 0.01 μs, or 0.05 μsand/or less than 0.1 μs, 0.5 μs, 1 μs and/or the frequency change rateduring the duration of the offset period (FSP) is greater than or equalto 0.1 GHz/μs, 0.5 GHz/μs, or 1 GHz/μs and/or less than 10 GHz/μs, 100GHz/μs. The value of these variables can be application specific andmany applications can use or require one or more variable values thatare outside of the given ranges.

In some instances, the duration of offset period (FSP) is greater thanor equal to 0.0%, 0.5%, or 1% of the duration of the output period (OP)and/or less than 2%, 5%, or 10% of the duration of the output period(OP) and/or the duration of offset period (FSP) is greater than or equalto 0.0%, 0.1%, or 0.2% of the duration of the feedback period (FP)and/or less than 0.5%, 1%, or 2% of the duration of the feedback period(FP). Additionally or alternately, in some instances, the offset period(FSP) duration is greater than or equal to 0.0 μs, 0.01 μs, or 0.05 μsand/or less than 0.1 μs, 0.5 μs, 1 μs and/or the frequency change rateduring the duration of the offset period (FSP) is greater than or equalto 0.1 GHz/μs, 0.5 GHz/μs, or 1 GHz/μs and/or less than 10 GHz/μs, 100GHz/μs. Additionally or alternately, in some instances, a ratio of theLIDAR data period duration to the channel period duration is greaterthan 0.25:1, 0.5:1 or 0.9:1 and/or is less than 1.1:1, 1.5:1, or 2:1XXX.Suitable LIDAR data period (LDP) durations include, but are not limitedto durations greater than or equal to 0.25 μs, 0.5 μs, or 1 μs and/orless than 2 μs, 5 μs, 10 μs. Suitable channel period (CP) durationsinclude, but are not limited to durations greater than or equal to 0.25μs, 0.5 μs, or 1 μs and/or less than 2 μs, 5 μs, 10 μs. The value ofthese variables can be application specific and many applications canuse or require one or more variable values that are outside of the givenranges.

FIG. 3A through FIG. 3B illustrate an example of suitable processingcomponents 34 for use in the LIDAR system of FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B. Theprocessing unit includes a first splitter 102 that divides a referencesignal carried on a reference signal waveguide 36 onto a first referencewaveguide 110 and a second reference waveguide 108. The first referencewaveguide 110 carries a first portion of the reference signal to alight-combining component 111. The second reference waveguide 108carries a second portion of the reference signal to a secondlight-combining component 112.

The processing unit includes a second splitter 100 that divides thecomparative signal carried on the comparative signal waveguide 28 onto afirst comparative waveguide 104 and a second comparative waveguide 106.The first comparative waveguide 104 carries a first portion of thecomparative signal to the light-combining component 111. The secondcomparative waveguide 108 carries a second portion of the comparativesignal to the second light-combining component 112.

The second light-combining component 112 combines the second portion ofthe comparative signal and the second portion of the reference signalinto a second composite signal. Due to the difference in frequenciesbetween the second portion of the comparative signal and the secondportion of the reference signal, the second composite signal is beatingbetween the second portion of the comparative signal and the secondportion of the reference signal. The light-combining component 112 alsosplits the resulting second composite signal onto a first auxiliarydetector waveguide 114 and a second auxiliary detector waveguide 116.

The first auxiliary detector waveguide 114 carries a first portion ofthe second composite signal to a first auxiliary light sensor 118 thatconverts the first portion of the second composite signal to a firstauxiliary electrical signal. The second auxiliary detector waveguide 116carries a second portion of the second composite signal to a secondauxiliary light sensor 120 that converts the second portion of thesecond composite signal to a second auxiliary electrical signal.Examples of suitable light sensors include germanium photodiodes (PDs),and avalanche photodiodes (APDs).

The first light-combining component 111 combines the first portion ofthe comparative signal and the first portion of the reference signalinto a first composite signal. Due to the difference in frequenciesbetween the first portion of the comparative signal and the firstportion of the reference signal, the first composite signal is beatingbetween the first portion of the comparative signal and the firstportion of the reference signal. The light-combining component 111 alsosplits the first composite signal onto a first detector waveguide 121and a second detector waveguide 122.

The first detector waveguide 121 carries a first portion of the firstcomposite signal to a first light sensor 123 that converts the firstportion of the second composite signal to a first electrical signal. Thesecond detector waveguide 122 carries a second portion of the secondcomposite signal to a second auxiliary light sensor 124 that convertsthe second portion of the second composite signal to a second electricalsignal. Examples of suitable light sensors include germanium photodiodes(PDs), and avalanche photodiodes (APDs).

The first reference waveguide 110 and the second reference waveguide 108are constructed to provide a phase shift between the first portion ofthe reference signal and the second portion of the reference signal. Forinstance, the first reference waveguide 110 and the second referencewaveguide 108 can be constructed so as to provide a 90 degree phaseshift between the first portion of the reference signal and the secondportion of the reference signal. As an example, one reference signalportion can be an in-phase component and the other a quadraturecomponent. Accordingly, one of the reference signal portions can be asinusoidal function and the other reference signal portion can be acosine function. In one example, the first reference waveguide 110 andthe second reference waveguide 108 are constructed such that the firstreference signal portion is a cosine function and the second referencesignal portion is a sine function. Accordingly, the portion of thereference signal in the second composite signal is phase shiftedrelative to the portion of the reference signal in the first compositesignal, however, the portion of the comparative signal in the firstcomposite signal is not phase shifted relative to the portion of thecomparative signal in the second composite signal.

The first light sensor 123 and the second light sensor 124 can beconnected as a balanced detector and the first auxiliary light sensor118 and the second auxiliary light sensor 120 can also be connected as abalanced detector. For instance, FIG. 3B provides a schematic of therelationship between the electronics, the first light sensor 123, thesecond light sensor 124, the first auxiliary light sensor 118, and thesecond auxiliary light sensor 120. The symbol for a photodiode is usedto represent the first light sensor 123, the second light sensor 124,the first auxiliary light sensor 118, and the second auxiliary lightsensor 120 but one or more of these sensors can have otherconstructions. In some instances, all of the components illustrated inthe schematic of FIG. 3B are included on the LIDAR chip. In someinstances, the components illustrated in the schematic of FIG. 3B aredistributed between the LIDAR chip and electronics located off of theLIDAR chip.

The electronics connect the first light sensor 123 and the second lightsensor 124 as a first balanced detector 125 and the first auxiliarylight sensor 118 and the second auxiliary light sensor 120 as a secondbalanced detector 126. In particular, the first light sensor 123 and thesecond light sensor 124 are connected in series. Additionally, the firstauxiliary light sensor 118 and the second auxiliary light sensor 120 areconnected in series. The serial connection in the first balanceddetector is in communication with a first data line 128 that carries theoutput from the first balanced detector as a first data signal. Theserial connection in the second balanced detector is in communicationwith a second data line 132 that carries the output from the secondbalanced detector as a second data signal. The first data signal is anelectrical representation of the first composite signal and the seconddata signal is an electrical representation of the second compositesignal. Accordingly, the first data signal includes a contribution froma first waveform and a second waveform and the second data signal is acomposite of the first waveform and the second waveform. The portion ofthe first waveform in the first data signal is phase-shifted relative tothe portion of the first waveform in the first data signal but theportion of the second waveform in the first data signal being in-phaserelative to the portion of the second waveform in the first data signal.For instance, the second data signal includes a portion of the referencesignal that is phase shifted relative to a different portion of thereference signal that is included the first data signal. Additionally,the second data signal includes a portion of the comparative signal thatis in-phase with a different portion of the comparative signal that isincluded in the first data signal. The first data signal and the seconddata signal are beating as a result of the beating between thecomparative signal and the reference signal, i.e. the beating in thefirst composite signal and in the second composite signal.

As a result of the above channel configurations, the first data signaland the second data signal include unwanted signal components inaddition to desired beat signals. However, the values of Δf and df canbe selected such that Δf>(N+1)*df, Δf>B₁, Δf>B₂+df, and Δf>f_(samp)where N+1 represents the number of channels for which LIDAR data is tobe generated, where B₁ represents the frequency change during the LIDARdata period (LDP), B₂ represents the frequency change during the channelperiod (CP), and f_(samp) represents sampling frequency of anAnalog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) to be discussed below. Under thesecircumstances, the unwanted signal components the first data signal andthe second data signal have a frequency above the frequency of thedesired beat signals. As a result, filtering can separate the unwantedsignal components from the desired beat signals.

FIG. 3B illustrates the relationship between the channels and thefrequencies in the first data signal during the feedback period. Thedesired beat signals associated with different wavelengths appear inseparate channels in the frequency domain. The channel associated withwavelength i is centered at the frequency labeled DC where DC representsthe zero frequency. The maximum frequency for channel i is given byDC+f_(max,i). Accordingly, the maximum frequency for the channel withthe highest frequency (Channel i=N) is equal to DC+f_(max,N).

Although FIG. 3B is disclosed as representing the frequencies in thefirst data signal, FIG. 3B can also represent the frequencies in thesecond data signal. Accordingly, the values of f_(max,i) associated withthe first data signal can be the same for the second data signal.

In some instances, the LIDAR data is generated for each of the channelsby providing the first data signal to a first Analog-to-DigitalConverter (ADC) and the second data signal to a second Analog-to-DigitalConverter (ADC). The resulting digital signals can then be provided to atransform module configured to perform a complex transform on a complexsignal so as to convert the input from the time domain to the frequencydomain. The first data signal can be the real component of the complexsignal and the second data signal can be the imaginary component of thecomplex signal. The transform module can execute the attributedfunctions using firmware, hardware and software or a combinationthereof. The transform converts the input from the time domain to thefrequency domain. Accordingly, the transform module can output one ormore frequencies the each corresponds to an object in the sample regionilluminated by one of the LIDAR output signals. Each of the differentfrequencies is used by the electronics as the frequency of one of theLIDAR input signal. The electronics can use the frequencies for furtherprocessing to determine the distance and/or radial velocity between theLIDAR system and each of the one or more reflecting objects in thesample region.

One issue with the use of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) on thefirst data signal and/or on the second data signal may be that the ADCsampling rate required to generate useful results may be impractical toachieve. Another option is to separate the different channels in thefirst data signal and the second data signal before converting fromanalog to digital.

FIG. 3C illustrates a schematic for an example of electronics that aresuitable for use with a processing unit constructed according to FIG.3A. The first data line 128 can carry the first data signal to anoptional amplifier 142 to amplify to the power of the first data signalto a desired power level. The second data line 138 can carry the seconddata signal to an optional amplifier 142 to amplify to the power of thesecond data signal to a desired power level.

The first data line 128 carries the first data signal to a first filter152. In the above discussions, the desired beat frequencies are centeredat the DC frequency. The first filters 152 in each data processingbranches 140 are configured to pass the frequencies in a frequency bandcentered at the DC frequency and extending at least up to f_(max,N)while filtering out higher frequencies. As a result, each first filter152 outputs a first filtered signal that includes the desired beatfrequencies but excludes the undesirable frequencies.

The second data line 132 carries the signal data signal a second filter153. In the above discussions, the desired beat frequencies are centeredat the DC frequency. The second filter 153 in each data processingbranch 140 is configured to pass the frequencies in a frequency bandcentered at the DC frequency and extending at least up to f_(max,N)while filtering out higher frequencies. As a result, each second filter153 outputs a second filtered signal that includes the desired beatfrequencies but excludes the undesired frequencies. Suitable filters foruse as the first filters and/or second filters include, but are notlimited to, lowpass filters because the first frequency-shifted datasignals and the second frequency-shifted data signals are centered atthe DC frequency.

The first filtered signals and the second filtered signals are eachreceived on an ADC input line 154 that each carries the received signalto an Analog-to-Digital Converter 156 (ADC). According to the Nyquistsampling theorem, the sampling rate for an Analog-to-Digital Converters(ADC) is generally greater than or equal to twice the highest frequencyin the signal. Accordingly, if the frequency arrangement were as shownin FIG. 3B, the sampling rate for channel i would be greater than orequal to 2*(f_(max,i)). In FIG. 3B, the signal i would be consideredoversampled when the sampling rate is greater than 2*(f_(max,i)) andundersampled when sampling rate is less than 2*(f_(max,i)). Accordingly,the sampling rate for each Analog-to-Digital Converter 156 can begreater than or equal to twice 2*(f_(max,i)).

The Analog-to-Digital Converters 156 that each receives a first filteredsignal outputs a first digital data signal. The Analog-to-DigitalConverters 156 that each receives a first filtered signal outputs asecond digital data signal. The first digital data signals and thesecond digital data signals are each received on a digital data line158.

Each digital data line carries the received signal to a transform module160. The transform modules 160 is configured to perform a complextransform on a complex signal so as to convert the input from the timedomain to the frequency domain. The first digital data signal can be thereal component of the complex signal and the second digital data signalcan be the imaginary component of the complex signal. The transformmodules can execute the attributed functions using firmware, hardwareand software or a combination thereof.

The Complex Fourier transform converts the input from the time domain tothe frequency domain and outputs one or more frequencies the eachcorresponds to an object in the sample region illuminated by one of theLIDAR output signals. Different reflecting objects in a sample regionneed not be physically separate items but can be different surfaces ofthe same item that are located different distances from the LIDAR systemand/or are moving at different radial velocities relative to the LIDARsystem as might occur with a jagged object that is both rotating andtranslating relative to the LIDAR system. Accordingly, the ComplexFourier transform outputs one or more frequencies that for each of thechannels.

The frequency output from the Complex Fourier transform represents thebeat frequency of the composite signals that each includes a comparativesignal beating against a reference signal. As is evident from FIG. 2C,the frequency of the beat signal during the LIDAR data period(α*τ−f_(d)) is different from the frequency of the beat signal duringthe channel period (α*τ−f_(d)−i(df)). As a result, during a feedbackperiod, the Complex Fourier transform outputs two frequencies for eachobject, one of them is associated with the channel period and one isassociated with the LIDAR data period. Accordingly, during a feedbackperiod, the Complex Fourier transform frequencies that are eachassociated with a channel and during the channel period or the LIDARdata period. The frequencies associated with channel i during the LIDARdata period can be represented by f_(i,LDP) and the frequenciesassociated with channel i during the channel period can be representedby f_(i,CP). We can see that f_(i,LDP)=(α*τ−f_(d)) andf_(i,CP)=(α*τ−f_(d)−i(df)).

It can be difficult to determine which frequencies output from themathematical transform are associated with which channel. However, thebeat frequencies during the LIDAR data period and the channel period canbe combined to identify which frequencies are associated with whichchannels. For instance, solving f_(i,LDP)=(α*τ−f_(d)) andf_(i,CP)=(α*τ−f_(d)−i(df)) for i shows that i=(f_(i,CP·)−f_(i,LDP))/df.Using this equation, a value of i can be calculated for differentfrequency pairs (f_(i,LDP), f_(i,CP)) and the frequency pairs thatprovide a value that is closest to one one of the channel indices (i)can be identified as belonging to the calculated channel. This exampleof matching frequencies with channels is exemplary and other approachescan be employed to match frequencies and channels. The matching of thefrequencies with channels also identifies the channels that are carriedby different composite signals and/or the channels carried by differentcomparative signals and/or by different reference signals.

The LIDAR data period beat frequencies (f_(i,LDP)) from two or moredifferent data periods can be combined to generate the LIDAR data. TheLIDAR data period beat frequencies (f_(i,LDP)) that are combined areidentified as being associated with the same channel. For instance, anf_(1,LDP) determined from DP₁ in FIG. 2B can be combined with anf_(1,LDP) determined from DP₂ in FIG. 2B to determine the LIDAR data. Asan example, the following equation applies during a data period whereelectronics increase the frequency of the outgoing LIDAR signal duringthe data period such as occurs in data period DP₁ of FIG. 2B:f_(ub)=−f_(d,i)+ατ where f_(ub) is a frequency provided by the transformmodule (f_(i,LDP) determined from DP₁ in this case), f_(d,i) representsthe Doppler shift (f_(d,i)=2νf_(c,i)/c) where ν is the velocity of thereflecting object relative to the LIDAR system where the direction fromthe reflecting object toward the chip is assumed to be the positivedirection, and c is the speed of light. The following equation appliesduring a sample where electronics decrease the frequency of the outgoingLIDAR signal such as occurs in data period DP₂ of FIG. 2B:f_(db)=−f_(d,i)−ατ where f_(db) is a frequency provided by the transformmodule (f_(i,LDP) determined from DP₂ in this case). In these twoequations, f_(d,i) and τ are unknowns. The electronics solve these twoequations for the two unknowns. The radial velocity for the sampleregion then be determined from the Doppler shift(ν_(i)=c*f_(d,i)/(2f_(c))) and/or the separation distance for thatsample region can be determined from c*f_(d,i)/2. Since the LIDAR datacan be generated for each of the matched frequencies output by thetransform, separate LIDAR data can be generated for each of the objectsin a sample region. Accordingly, the electronics can determine more thanone radial velocity and/or more than one radial separation distance froma single sampling of a single sample region in the field of view.

The data period labeled DP₃ in FIG. 2B is optional. As noted above,there are situations where more than one object is present in a sampleregion. For instance, during the feedback period in DP₁ for cycle₂ andalso during the feedback period in DP₂ for cycle₂, more than onefrequency pair can be matched to the same channel. In thesecircumstances, it may not be clear which frequencies from DP₂ correspondto which frequencies from DP₁. As a result, it may be unclear whichfrequencies need to be used together to generate the LIDAR data for anobject in the sample region. As a result, there can be a need toidentify corresponding frequencies. The identification of correspondingfrequencies can performed such that the corresponding frequencies arefrequencies from the same reflecting object within a sample region. Thedata period labeled DP₃ can be used to find the correspondingfrequencies. LIDAR data can be generated for each pair of correspondingfrequencies and is considered and/or processed as the LIDAR data for thedifferent reflecting objects in the sample region.

An example of the identification of corresponding frequencies uses aLIDAR system where the cycles include three data periods (DP₁, DP₂, andDP₃) as shown in FIG. 2B. When there are two objects in a sample regionilluminated by the LIDAR outputs signal for channel λ₀, the transformmodule outputs two different frequencies for f_(ub): f_(u1) and f_(u2)during DP₁ and another two different frequencies for f_(db): f_(d1) andf_(d2) during DP₂. In this instance, the possible frequency pairingsare: (f_(d1), f_(u1)); (f_(d1), f_(u2)); (f_(d2), f_(u1)); and f(f_(d2), f_(du2)). A value of f_(d) and τ can be calculated for each ofthe possible frequency pairings. Each pair of values for f_(d) and τ canbe substituted into f₃=−f_(d)+α₃τ₀ to generate a theoretical f₃ for eachof the possible frequency pairings. In this case, the transform modules136 also outputs two values for f₃ that are each associated with channelλ₀ are treated as an actual f₃ value. The frequency pair with atheoretical f₃ value closest to each of the actual f₃ values isconsidered a corresponding pair. LIDAR data can be generated for each ofthe corresponding pairs as described above and is considered and/orprocessed as the LIDAR data for a different one of the reflectingobjects in the sample region.

Each set of corresponding frequencies can be used in the above equationsto generate LIDAR data. The generated LIDAR data will be for one of theobjects in the sample region. As a result, multiple different LIDAR datavalues can be generated for a sample region where each of the differentLIDAR data values corresponds to a different one of the objects in thesample region.

Suitable output components 26 for use in the LIDAR system can bewaveguide facets. FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a suitable outputcomponent 26 that can optionally include beam steering capability. Thedemultiplexing component 26 includes a splitter 184 that receives theoutgoing light signal from the LIDAR signal waveguide 24. The splitterdivides the outgoing light signal into multiple output signals that areeach carried on a steering waveguide 186. Each of the steeringwaveguides ends at a facet 188. The facets are arranged such that theoutput signals exiting the chip through the facets combine to form theLIDAR output signal.

The splitter and steering waveguides can be constructed such that thereis not a phase differential between output signals at the facet ofadjacent steering waveguides. For instance, the splitter can beconstructed such that each of the output signals is in-phase uponexiting from the splitter and the steering waveguides can each have thesame length. Alternately, the splitter and steering waveguides can beconstructed such that there is a linearly increasing phase differentialbetween output signals at the facet of adjacent steering waveguides. Forinstance, the steering waveguides can be constructed such that the phaseof steering waveguide number k is f_(o)′+(k−1)f′ where k is an integerfrom 1 to K and represents the number associated with a steeringwaveguide when the steering waveguides are sequentially numbered asshown in FIG. 4, f′ is the phase differential between neighboringsteering waveguides when the phase tuners (discussed below) do notaffect the phase differential, and f_(o)′ is the phase of the outputsignal at the facet of steering waveguide k=1. Because the channels canhave different wavelengths, the values of f′ and f_(o)′ can each beassociated with one of the channels. In some instances, this phasedifferential is achieved by constructing the steering waveguides suchthat the steering waveguides have a linearly increasing lengthdifferential. For instance, the length of steering waveguide k can berepresented by L_(o)+(k−1)Δ1 where Δ1 is the length differential betweenneighboring steering waveguide, and L_(o) is the length of steeringwaveguide k=1. Because Δ1 is a different percent of the wavelength ofdifferent channels included in the outgoing LIDAR signal, each of thedifferent LIDAR output signals travels away from LIDAR chip in adifferent direction (θ). When the steering waveguides are the samelength, the value of Δ1 is zero and the value of f′ is zero. Suitable Δ1include, but are not limited to, Δ1 greater than 0, or 5 and/or lessthan 10, or 15 μm. Suitable f′ include, but are not limited to, fgreater than 0π, or 7π and/or less than 15π, or 20π. Suitable K include,but are not limited to, K greater than 10, or 500 and/or less than 1000,or 2000. Suitable splitters include, but are not limited to, starcouplers, cascaded Y-junctions and cascaded 1×2 MMI couplers.

A phase tuner 190 can be positioned along at least a portion of thesteering waveguides. Although a phase tuner is shown positioned alongthe first and last steering waveguide, these phase tuners are optional.For instance, the chip need not include a phase tuner on steeringwaveguide k=1.

The electronics can be configured to operate the phase tuners so as tocreate a phase differential between the output signals at the facet ofadjacent steering waveguides. The electronics can operate the phasetuners such that the phase differential is constant in that it increaseslinearly across the steering waveguides. For instance, electronics canoperate the phase tuners such that the tuner-induced phase of steeringwaveguide number k is (k−1)ω where ω is the tuner-induced phasedifferential between neighboring steering waveguides. Accordingly, thephase of steering waveguide number k is f_(o)′+(k−1)f′+(k−1)ω. FIG. 4illustrates the chip having only 4 steering waveguides in order tosimplify the illustration, however, the chip can include more steeringwaveguides. For instance, the chip can include more than 4 steeringwaveguides, more than 100 steering waveguides, or more than 1000steering waveguides and/or less than 10000 steering waveguides.

The electronics can be configured to operate the phase tuners so as totune the value of the phase differential ω. Tuning the value of thephase differential ω changes the direction that the LIDAR output signaltravels away from the chip (θ). Accordingly, the electronics can scanthe LIDAR output signal by changing the phase differential ω. The rangeof angles over which the LIDAR output signal can be scanned is ϕ_(R)and, in some instances, extends from ϕ_(v) to −ϕ_(v) with ϕ=0° beingmeasured in the direction of the LIDAR output signal when ω=0. When thevalue of Δ1 is not zero, the length differential causes diffraction suchthat light of different wavelengths travels away from chip in differentdirections (θ). Accordingly, there may be some spreading of the outgoingLIDAR signal as it travels away from the chip. Further, changing thelevel of diffraction changes the angle at which the outgoing LIDARsignal travels away from the chip when ω=0°. However, providing thesteering waveguides with a length differential (Δ1≠0) can simplify thelayout of the steering waveguides on the chip.

Additional details about the construction and operation of ademultiplexing component 26 constructed according to FIG. 4 can be foundin U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/680,787, filed onJun. 5, 2018, and incorporated herein in its entirety.

The above disclosure uses channel assignments that start channel i=0through channel N for a total of N+1 channels. However, the channelindices can be shifted. For instance, the channel index can beconfigured such that the channels start at channel j=1 through channel Mfor a total of M channels. Such a shift can be performed by substitutingi=j−1 into the above equations.

Other embodiments, combinations and modifications of this invention willoccur readily to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of theseteachings. Therefore, this invention is to be limited only by thefollowing claims, which include all such embodiments and modificationswhen viewed in conjunction with the above specification and accompanyingdrawings.

1. A system, comprising: a LIDAR system configured to generate anoutgoing LIDAR signal and multiple composite light signals that eachcarries a different channel and that each includes a contribution from areference signal and a contribution from a comparative signal, thecomparative signals each including light from the outgoing LIDAR signalthat has been reflected by one or more objects located outside of theLIDAR system, and the reference signals each including light from theoutgoing LIDAR signal but excluding light that has been reflected by anyobject located outside of the LIDAR system; and electronics configuredto induce a frequency offset in the reference signals between a LIDARdata period and a channel period, the electronics configured to use thecomposite signals generated during the LIDAR data period to generateLIDAR data, and the electronics configured to use the composite signalsgenerated during the channel period to associate each one of at least aportion of the composite signals with the channel carried by thecomposite signal.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronics donot induce the frequency offset in the comparative signals between theLIDAR data period and the channel period.
 3. The system of claim 2,wherein the LIDAR system is configured to output multiple LIDAR outputsignals that each carries a different one of the channels and eachincludes light from the outgoing LIDAR signal, the LIDAR system beingconfigured to receive multiple LIDAR input signals, each of the LIDARinput signals including light from one of the LIDAR output signals afterreflection of each LIDAR output signal by an object located outside ofthe LIDAR system, and the frequency offset not being evident in theLIDAR input signals that return to the LIDAR system until after thechannel period and after the LIDAR data period.
 4. The system of claim1, wherein the electronics are configured to use the composite signalsgenerated during the channel period and during the LIDAR data period toassociate each one of at least a portion of the composite signals withthe channel carried by the composite signal.
 5. The system of claim 4,wherein associating each one of the portion of the composite signalswith the channel carried by the composite signal includes matching eachone of at least a portion of the composite signals generated during theLIDAR data period with one of the composite signals generated during thechannel period and carrying the same channel as the composite signalsgenerated during the LIDAR data period.
 7. The LIDAR system of claim 1,wherein the LIDAR data period and the channel period are each includedin multiple data periods and the electronics are configured to generatethe LIDAR data from multiple different composite signals from differentdata periods but carrying the same channel.
 8. The LIDAR system of claim1, wherein the LIDAR data period and the channel period follow an outputperiod and the reference signals that are generated during the outputperiod are not used in the generation of the LIDAR data.
 9. The LIDARsystem of claim 1, wherein the LIDAR data period and the channel periodfollow an output period and the reference signals are not generatedduring the output period.
 10. A method of operating a LIDAR system,comprising: generating an outgoing LIDAR signal and multiple compositelight signals that each carries a different channel and includes acontribution from a reference signal and a contribution from acomparative signal, the comparative signals each including light fromthe outgoing LIDAR signal that has been reflected by one or more objectslocated outside of the LIDAR system, and the reference signals eachincluding light from the outgoing LIDAR signal but excluding light thathas been reflected by any object located outside of the LIDAR system;and inducing a frequency offset in the reference signals between a LIDARdata period and a channel period; using the composite signals generatedduring the LIDAR data period to generate LIDAR data; and using thecomposite signals generated during the channel period to associate eachone of at least a portion of the composite signals with the channelcarried by the composite signal.